Id Software

id Software LLC (/ɪd/) is a game developer based first in Mesquite, Texas, and later in Richardson, Texas. It was founded on by four members of the computer company : programmers John Carmack and John Romero, game designer Tom Hall, and artist Adrian Carmack. They are the authors of Doom and Doom II, as well as numerous other well-known titles such as the Quake series of games, Wolfenstein 3D, and.

According to the book Masters of Doom, the name "id" came from the phrase "in demand". Later on, it was officially described by the company as "the primal section of the human psyche" which in is responsible for instinctual and primitive impulses.

The company underwent drastic personnel changes over the years; very few Doom-era principals remained there two decades later. On, it was announced that id Software had been acquired by ZeniMax Media. In 2015, the company opened a second studio in Frankfurt, Germany.

History
In 1989, John Romero and fellow Softdisk programmer Lane Roathe formed a group naming itself "Ideas From the Deep". In the wake of John Carmack's invention of the technique for the PC's  graphics adapter, the three programmers teamed up with Tom Hall and Jay Wilbur, spending a weekend creating a prototype PC version of  to propose to Nintendo. While Nintendo turned them down, the demo later attracted the attention of 's Scott Miller, who agreed to have the team develop a new shareware trilogy using the same technology.

The members of Ideas From the Deep, still at Softdisk, began working after hours on what would become Commander Keen. During development, Lane Roathe left Softdisk, while Adrian Carmack also joined the team as an artist. Following the successful release of Commander Keen's shareware episode in December 1990, id Software was officially formed as an independent company, continuing to develop games for both Softdisk and Apogee. Jay Wilbur initially remained at Softdisk, but joined id during the development of Wolfenstein 3D.

Although id originally began by publishing games in other genres, such as the two-dimensional platformers in the Commander Keen series, the company became deeply involved in the creation of the genre early on. Their earliest efforts in 3D date back to the Softdisk era, with titles such as  and Catacomb 3D. The first 3D game they made as an independent studio, Wolfenstein 3D, is often considered as one of the first FPSes, and a highly influential title in its own right. Doom popularized the genre and PC gaming in general, as well as pioneering multiplayer with its serial, LAN, and dial-up capabilities. Its successor Quake was the first shooter to have a client-server architecture for multiplayer.

id Software would remain one of the foremost independent game studios in the business into the 21st century, successfully negotiating with third party publishers and distributors, including GT Interactive and, to bring their games to the public. This was carried out while simultaneously making significant revenue through licensing of John Carmack's powerful, bleeding-edge s to other studios (the series of which came to be retroactively known as ""). This era came to a close on when the co-owners reached an agreement to sell all stakes in the company to ZeniMax Media, the parent company of Bethesda Softworks, which now serves as id's publisher. ZeniMax Media itself later entered an agreement to be acquired in its entirety, along with all subsidiaries and intellectual properties, by Microsoft on September 21, 2020, for a sum of US $7.5 billion.

The history of the original individual members of id Software diverges at various points, as members resigned or were fired for various reasons. This began with the departure of Tom Hall during the development of Doom, the firing of John Romero after the release of Quake, a falling out with Adrian Carmack in the wake of a failed buy-out attempt by Activision in 2004, and most recently (and publicly) the departure of John Carmack in November 2013. After leaving Softdisk, Lane Roathe continued using the company name "Ideas From the Deep" alongside Rebecca Ann Heineman, working primarily on Macintosh and Windows ports of games by and.

Technology licensing
id Software was an early entrant into the field of engine licensing, beginning with their first shareware game series, Commander Keen, and continuing on through Doom 3's id Tech 4 engine. According to Eurogamer.net, "id Software has been synonymous with PC game engines since the concept of a detached game engine was first popularized". During the mid to late 1990s, "the launch of each successive round of technology it's been expected to occupy a headlining position", with the Quake III engine being most widely adopted of their engines. This ended abruptly with the acquisition by ZeniMax Media, upon which it was announced that only other Bethesda-managed game studios would be given access to.

Since id Software revealed id Tech 5, they call their engines "", followed by a version number. Older engines have retroactively been renamed to fit this scheme, with the Doom engine as id Tech 1.

Open source
During John Carmack's tenure at the company, it was notable for its support for software. John Carmack open-sourced most of the major id Software engines under the. Historically, the source code for each engine was released once the code base was five years old. Consequently, many home grown projects sprung up, porting the code to different platforms, cleaning up the source code, or providing major modifications to the core engine. Wolfenstein 3D, Doom and Quake engine ports are ubiquitous to nearly all platforms capable of running games, such as hand-held PCs, iPods, the PSP, the Nintendo DS and more. The last codebase to be open-sourced by id was Doom 3: BFG Edition in 2011.

Linux gaming
id Software was an early pioneer in the market, and id Software's Linux games were some of the most popular of the platform. As with the company's support for the open source movement, this also abruptly ended with the acquisition by ZeniMax Media, who refused to provide support for "unofficial binaries" beginning with . John Carmack instead suggested that was the way forward for gaming on Linux.

As developer

 * Wolfenstein series
 * Doom series
 * Quake series
 * Quake series

As publisher

 * Heretic series
 * Hexen series

Doom-era employees

 * Adrian Carmack
 * John Carmack
 * Kevin Cloud
 * Shawn C. Green
 * Dave D. Taylor
 * Tom Hall
 * Donna Jackson
 * American McGee
 * Sandy Petersen
 * Bobby Prince
 * John Romero
 * Jay Wilbur
 * Tim Willits